Effects of residual fatigue on pace regulation during sprint-distance triathlon running

Introduction: It has been suggested that unique relationships exist between perceived exertion, pacing and physiological responses during triathlon. However, research to date has not clearly established how the interaction of these factors is affected by residual physiological fatigue, particularly during running performance over distances relevant to sprint-distance triathlon. This study therefore investigated the effects of the preceding swim and cycle on pacing strategy, perceived exertion, and physiological status during sprint-distance triathlon running. Methods: Eight amateur male triathletes (mean ± SD: age 36.0 ± 5.7 yrs, mass 75.7 ± 5.3 kg) completed two field-based performance trials. The first was a sprint-distance triathlon (0.75 km swim, 20 km cycle, 5 km run) and the second an isolated 5 km run time-trial, each separated by 7-18 days and utilising the same flat out-and-back road course. Wrist-mounted GPS devices (Garmin 310XT, UK) recorded performance time, running speed (km•h-1) and heart rate during each trial. Participants recorded ratings of perceived exertion (Borg 6-20 scale) every kilometre using a wrist-mounted recording sheet and pen. Core temperature (CorTemp, HQInc, USA), blood lactate concentration (Lactate Pro, Kodak, Japan) and body mass (to 0.1 kg; Seca 875) were also measured immediately prior to, and after, each run. Results: Performance time for isolated running (19:28 ± 00:32) was ~7% quicker than triathlon running (20:48 ± 00:43) (p<0.01), with a similar positive pacing strategy displayed throughout both trials (figure 1). Initial core temperature, blood lactate concentration and heart rate values were all significantly higher for the triathlon run compared to the isolated run (p<0.01), with no differences in final values for these measures. No significant differences were observed for initial RPE, rate of RPE increase, or final RPE between runs. Discussion/Conclusion: Prior swimming and cycling impair performance but do not affect pacing strategy during sprint-distance triathlon running. Reduced performance may be attributed to the residual physiological strain observed at the start of the triathlon run. However, the maintenance of scalar-linear increases in RPE appears to be the primary regulator of pacing strategy during triathlon running, with physiological responses only indirectly related to this process

Demonstration of the feasibility of automated silicon solar cell fabrication

A study effort was undertaken to determine the process, steps and design requirements of an automated silicon solar cell production facility. Identification of the key process steps was made and a laboratory model was conceptually designed to demonstrate the feasibility of automating the silicon solar cell fabrication process. A detailed laboratory model was designed to demonstrate those functions most critical to the question of solar cell fabrication process automating feasibility. The study and conceptual design have established the technical feasibility of automating the solar cell manufacturing process to produce low cost solar cells with improved performance. Estimates predict an automated process throughput of 21,973 kilograms of silicon a year on a three shift 49-week basis, producing 4,747,000 hexagonal cells (38mm/side), a total of 3,373 kilowatts at an estimated manufacturing cost of $0.866 per cell or$1.22 per watt

False discovery rate analysis of brain diffusion direction maps

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a novel modality of magnetic resonance imaging that allows noninvasive mapping of the brain's white matter. A particular map derived from DTI measurements is a map of water principal diffusion directions, which are proxies for neural fiber directions. We consider a study in which diffusion direction maps were acquired for two groups of subjects. The objective of the analysis is to find regions of the brain in which the corresponding diffusion directions differ between the groups. This is attained by first computing a test statistic for the difference in direction at every brain location using a Watson model for directional data. Interesting locations are subsequently selected with control of the false discovery rate. More accurate modeling of the null distribution is obtained using an empirical null density based on the empirical distribution of the test statistics across the brain. Further, substantial improvements in power are achieved by local spatial averaging of the test statistic map. Although the focus is on one particular study and imaging technology, the proposed inference methods can be applied to other large scale simultaneous hypothesis testing problems with a continuous underlying spatial structure.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-AOAS133 the Annals of Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Observations of the interplanetary magnetic field July 4-12, 1966

Explorer XXVIII and XXXIII and Pioneer VI MAGNETOMETRIC determination of general macrostructure of interplanetary magnetic field in cislunar spac

The Phase-Space Density Profiles of Cold Dark Matter Halos

We examine the coarse-grained phase-space density profiles of a set of recent, high-resolution simulations of galaxy-sized Cold Dark Matter (CDM) halos. Over two and a half decades in radius the phase-space density closely follows a power-law, $\rho/\sigma^3 \propto r^{-\alpha}$, with $\alpha = 1.875$. This behaviour matches the self-similar solution obtained by Bertschinger for secondary infall in a uniformly expanding universe. On the other hand, the density profile corresponding to Bertschinger's solution (a power-law of slope $r^{2\alpha-6}$) differs significantly from the density profiles of CDM halos. We show that isotropic mass distributions with power-law phase-space density profiles form a one-parameter family of structures controlled by $\kappa$, the ratio of the velocity dispersion to the peak circular velocity. For $\kappa=\alpha=1.875$ one recovers the power-law solution $\rho \propto r^{2\alpha-6}$. For $\kappa$ larger than some critical value, $\kappa_{cr}$, solutions become non-physical, leading to negative densities near the center. The critical solution, $\kappa =\kappa_{cr}$, has the narrowest phase-space density distribution compatible with the power-law phase-space density stratification constraint. Over three decades in radius the critical solution is indistinguishable from an NFW profile. Our results thus suggest that the NFW profile is the result of a hierarchical assembly process that preserves the phase-space stratification of Bertschinger's infall model but which ``mixes'' the system maximally, perhaps as a result of repeated merging.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures; submitted to The Astrophysical Journa

An agent-based DDM for high level architecture

The Data Distribution Management (DDM) service is one of the six services provided in the Runtime Infrastructure (RTI) of High Level Architecture (HLA). Its purpose is to perform data filtering and reduce irrelevant data communicated between federates. The two DDM schemes proposed for RTI, region based and grid based DDM, are oriented to send as little irrelevant data to subscribers as possible, but only manage to filter part of this information and some irrelevant data is still being communicated. Previously (G. Tan et al., 2000), we employed intelligent agents to perform data filtering in HLA, implemented an agent based DDM in RTI (ARTI) and compared it with the other two filtering mechanisms. The paper reports on additional experiments, results and analysis using two scenarios: the AWACS sensing aircraft simulation and the air traffic control simulation scenario. Experimental results show that compared with other mechanisms, the agent based approach communicates only relevant data and minimizes network communication, and is also comparable in terms of time efficiency. Some guidelines on when the agent based scheme can be used are also give